{
 "verse_id": "13.17",
 "mūla": {
  "devanāgarī": "ज्योतिषाम् अपि तज् ज्योतिस् तमसः परम् उच्यते | ज्ञानं ज्ञेयं ज्ञान-गम्यं हृदि सर्वस्य विष्ठितम्",
  "iast": "jyotiṣām api taj jyotis tamasaḥ param ucyate | jñānaṃ jñeyaṃ jñāna-gamyaṃ hṛdi sarvasya viṣṭhitam",
  "chapter_position": "Chapter 13 (Kṣetra-Kṣetrajña-Vibhāga-Yoga (The Yoga of Distinction Between Field and Field-Knower)), verse 17",
  "speaker": "Krishna",
  "addressed_to": "Arjuna"
 },
 "word_by_word": [
  {
   "surface_form": "jyotiṣām",
   "lemma": "jyotis",
   "grammar": "genitive neuter plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "ज्योतिषाम्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "api",
   "lemma": "api",
   "grammar": "",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "अपि"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "tat",
   "lemma": "tad",
   "grammar": "nominative neuter singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "तत्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "jyotiḥ",
   "lemma": "jyotis",
   "grammar": "nominative neuter singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "ज्योतिः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "tamasaḥ",
   "lemma": "tamas",
   "grammar": "ablative neuter singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "परम् उच्यते -- तमः शब्दः सूक्ष्मावस्थप्रकृतिवचनः, प्रकृतेः परम् उच्यते इत्यर्थः",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "तमसः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "param",
   "lemma": "para",
   "grammar": "nominative neuter singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "परम्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "ucyate",
   "lemma": "√vac",
   "grammar": "present indicative pass 3rd person singular verb",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "-- तमः शब्दः सूक्ष्मावस्थप्रकृतिवचनः, प्रकृतेः परम् उच्यते इत्यर्थः",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "उच्यते"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "jñānam",
   "lemma": "jñāna",
   "grammar": "nominative neuter singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "ज्ञानम्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "jñeyam",
   "lemma": "jñā",
   "grammar": "nominative neuter singular gdv noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "ज्ञेयम्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "jñāna",
   "lemma": "jñāna",
   "grammar": "compound (compound member)",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "ज्ञान"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "gamyam",
   "lemma": "gam",
   "grammar": "nominative neuter singular gdv noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "गम्यम्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "hṛdi",
   "lemma": "hṛd",
   "grammar": "locative neuter singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "सर्वस्य विष्ठितं सर्वस्य मनुष्यादेः हृदि विशेषेण अवस्थितं सन्निहितम्",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "हंसरूपेणोभयोः प्रवेशात्",
     "school": "śuddhādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "vallabha"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "हृदि"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "sarvasya",
   "lemma": "sarva",
   "grammar": "genitive masculine singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "विष्ठितं सर्वस्य मनुष्यादेः हृदि विशेषेण अवस्थितं सन्निहितम्",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "यथा रज्ज्वादिः सर्पादेर्मायाकल्पितस्य, तस्माद्यज्जगतः स्थितिलयोत्पत्तिकारणं ब्रह्म तदेव क्षेत्रज्ञं प्रतिदेहमेकं ज्ञेयं",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "सर्वस्य"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "viṣṭhitam",
   "lemma": "vi-√ṣṭhā",
   "grammar": "nominative neuter singular participle noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "विष्ठितम्"
  }
 ],
 "intertextual_panel": [
  {
   "verse": "14.1",
   "type": "cross-chapter thematic parallel",
   "score": 0.9039,
   "feature_breakdown": {
    "cosine": 0.8539,
    "theme_graph": 1.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
    "substring": 0.0,
    "lemma_overlap": 10.0397,
    "stem_prefix": 4.0
   }
  },
  {
   "verse": "14.11",
   "type": "cross-chapter thematic parallel",
   "score": 0.8995,
   "feature_breakdown": {
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    "theme_graph": 1.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
    "substring": 0.0,
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    "stem_prefix": 2.0
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  {
   "verse": "4.39",
   "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
   "score": 0.8978,
   "feature_breakdown": {
    "cosine": 0.8578,
    "theme_graph": 1.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
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  },
  {
   "verse": "15.15",
   "type": "cross-chapter thematic parallel",
   "score": 0.8933,
   "feature_breakdown": {
    "cosine": 0.8433,
    "theme_graph": 2.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
    "substring": 0.0,
    "lemma_overlap": 9.4368,
    "stem_prefix": 3.0
   }
  },
  {
   "verse": "4.33",
   "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
   "score": 0.8924,
   "feature_breakdown": {
    "cosine": 0.8624,
    "theme_graph": 1.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
    "substring": 0.0,
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    "stem_prefix": 2.0
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  },
  {
   "verse": "3.40",
   "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
   "score": 0.8895,
   "feature_breakdown": {
    "cosine": 0.8395,
    "theme_graph": 2.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
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    "lemma_overlap": 6.5056,
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  },
  {
   "verse": "4.37",
   "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
   "score": 0.8877,
   "feature_breakdown": {
    "cosine": 0.8577,
    "theme_graph": 1.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
    "substring": 0.0,
    "lemma_overlap": 2.0279,
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   }
  },
  {
   "verse": "2.61",
   "type": "semantic neighbor",
   "score": 0.8874,
   "feature_breakdown": {
    "cosine": 0.8574,
    "theme_graph": 0.0,
    "vocative": 0.0,
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 ],
 "doctrinal_projections": {
  "advaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "shankara_13.18",
    "anandgiri_13.17"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "That knowable is the light even of lights such as the sun, for the sun and other lights shine kindled by the light of the self's caitanya (consciousness), as the Śruti says 'kindled by whose light the sun burns', and the Gītā itself 'the radiance in the sun'; and it is said to be beyond tamas, which is ajñāna (ignorance), untouched by it. To lift up one disheartened by thinking knowledge hard to win, the Lord says: it is jñāna (knowledge), meaning humility and the rest; jñeya (the knowable), described from 'I shall declare what is to be known'; and jñānagamya, that same knowable once known, the fruit of knowledge. All three are set firmly in the buddhi (intellect) of every being, for it is there that they are discerned.",
   "divergence_note": "Śaṅkara reads jñāna, jñeya, jñānagamya as three distinct items: the means (amānitva list), the object, and the fruit, and gives a pastoral reason for the line (to encourage the disheartened). Tamas = ajñāna.",
   "commentator": "Shankaracharya"
  },
  "viśiṣṭādvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "ramanuja_13.17",
    "vedantadeshika_13.18"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Even of lights such as lamps, the sun and gems, that alone is the light that reveals: the self's own radiance, which is jñāna (knowledge), is what reveals even them, while lamps and the like only dispel the darkness that obstructs the contact of sense and object, and their revealing goes only that far. Tamas here names prakṛti (matter) in its subtle state, and the self is said to be beyond prakṛti. Therefore the knowable is to be known as having the sole form of knowledge, and it is jñānagamya, attainable by the means of knowledge already given, beginning with amānitva (humility); it is specially present in the heart of every human and other being.",
   "divergence_note": "Rāmānuja: tamas is subtle prakṛti, not ignorance; jñāna and jñeya collapse into one claim, the self's nature is knowledge alone (jñānaikākāra); the lamp-sun point is epistemic, outer lights merely remove obstruction. Subject remains the individual self.",
   "commentator": "Ramanujacharya"
  },
  "dvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "madhva_13.18",
    "jayatirtha_13.18"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "[No Madhva bhāṣya for this verse.] Mūla only: That is said to be the light even of lights, beyond darkness; knowledge, the knowable, reached by knowledge, it is set in the heart of all.",
   "divergence_note": "ABSENT: the supplied Madhva text for this verse (his source_verse 13.18) reads only 'Sri Madhvacharya did not comment on this sloka.' No Dvaita bhāṣya exists to anchor a rendering; the English is the mūla only, not a Dvaita reading. Jayatīrtha's Prameyadīpikā is also silent on this verse.",
   "commentator": "Madhvacharya"
  },
  "śuddhādvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "vallabha_13.18"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Of all that illumines and of conscious beings, that is the root light, the adhyātma (inward) illuminer, as it is said 'the spotless jewel at the throat of consciousness'. Tamas is prakṛti (primal matter), as the Śruti too says 'darkness there was, hidden by darkness, in the beginning', and it is beyond that; and it is the antaryāmin (inner controller), as 'set in the heart of all' plainly says. Jñāna is that by which one knows, caitanya (consciousness), or else the means in the form of humility and the rest; and that is the knowable, reached by knowledge, set in every heart.",
   "divergence_note": "Vallabha agrees with Rāmānuja that tamas is prakṛti (citing Ṛg-Veda Nāsadīya) but makes 'set in the heart' the antaryāmin, the Lord as inner controller, not the individual self. He reads 'dhiṣṭhitam' and leaves jñāna open between consciousness and the means.",
   "commentator": "Vallabhacharya"
  },
  "bhakti": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "sridhara_13.18"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "It is the light that reveals even the moon, the sun and other lights, as the Śruti says 'kindled by whose light the sun burns' and 'there the sun does not shine, nor moon and stars; all shines after Him as He shines'; hence it is said to be beyond tamas, which is ajñāna (ignorance), untouched by it, 'sun-colored, beyond darkness'. It is jñāna (knowledge) as manifest in a mode of the buddhi (intellect), jñeya as it takes the form of color and the rest, and jñānagamya, reached by the means of knowledge described before, beginning with humility. Qualifying 'reached by knowledge': it is set in the heart of every living being, standing as niyantṛ (controller) without falling from its nature; on the reading 'dhiṣṭhitam', it stands presiding there.",
   "divergence_note": "Śrīdhara: tamas is ajñāna (with Śaṅkara, against Rāmānuja and Vallabha), but the heart-dweller is niyantṛ (controller), a devotional and theistic note close to Vallabha's antaryāmin. Jñāna is the light as expressed in a mental mode; jñeya is that light in sense-forms.",
   "commentator": "Sridhara Svami"
  },
  "advaita-bhakti": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "madhusudan_13.18"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "If it is everywhere but not perceived, is it then inert? No: as self-luminous consciousness, formless and so beyond the senses, it is the light of every illuminer, outer ones like the sun and inner ones like the intellect, for only conscious light can reveal inert light; and it is beyond tamas, the inert class, untouched by avidyā (ignorance) and its unreal effects, since the real and unreal cannot truly be related. Because it is self-luminous and untouched, it is jñāna, consciousness manifest in a mental mode born of a valid means; it alone is jñeya, fit to be known, for only it is unknown, the inert never being unknown; and it is jñānagamya, reached only by the means called knowledge, humility through the vision of the goal of truth, and not without them. Nor is it far off in another place: though present everywhere alike, it is set in the buddhi of every being, specially manifest there as jīva (individual soul) and as antaryāmin (inner controller), like the sun's light in a mirror or a sunstone, in truth unveiled, by error as if veiled, and as if attained when the ignorance behind all error is removed.",
   "divergence_note": "Madhusūdana answers an objection (unperceived, hence inert?) and offers a technical Advaita epistemics: only consciousness can be 'unknown' and thus 'knowable'; inert things are never covered by ignorance. He keeps both jīva and antaryāmin as its manifestations in the heart, a gesture toward bhakti inside Advaita, via the mirror image.",
   "commentator": "Madhusudan Sarasvati"
  },
  "vishishtadvaita": {
   "score": 0.5
  },
  "shuddhadvaita": {
   "score": 0.5
  }
 },
 "prosodic_information": {
  "meter": "anuṣṭubh",
  "meter_shift_from_previous": false,
  "meter_shift_to_next": false,
  "pragmatic_context": {
   "vocative": "",
   "preceding_question": "",
   "following_response": ""
  }
 },
 "theme_list_memberships": [
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   "role": "supporting",
   "other_verses_in_list": [
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    "3.2",
    "3.3",
    "3.26",
    "3.32",
    "3.33",
    "3.39",
    "3.40",
    "3.41",
    "4.6",
    "4.10",
    "4.19",
    "4.21",
    "4.23",
    "4.27",
    "4.28",
    "4.33",
    "4.34",
    "4.36",
    "4.37",
    "4.38",
    "4.39",
    "4.41",
    "4.42",
    "5.15",
    "5.16",
    "5.17",
    "6.8",
    "6.46",
    "7.2",
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    "7.16",
    "7.17",
    "7.18",
    "7.19",
    "7.20",
    "9.1",
    "9.12",
    "9.15",
    "9.24",
    "10.4",
    "10.5",
    "10.11",
    "10.25",
    "10.38",
    "12.12",
    "12.13",
    "12.14",
    "13.2",
    "13.11",
    "13.18",
    "13.34",
    "14.1",
    "14.2",
    "14.6",
    "14.8",
    "14.9",
    "14.11",
    "14.16",
    "14.17",
    "15.10",
    "15.15",
    "16.1",
    "16.4",
    "16.15",
    "18.18",
    "18.19",
    "18.20",
    "18.21",
    "18.42",
    "18.50",
    "18.63",
    "18.70",
    "18.72"
   ]
  },
  {
   "list": "सर्वस्य",
   "role": "supporting",
   "other_verses_in_list": [
    "2.30",
    "3.40",
    "5.15",
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    "8.9",
    "10.8",
    "15.15",
    "17.3",
    "17.7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "list": "हृदि सर्वस्य विष्ठितम्",
   "role": "supporting",
   "other_verses_in_list": [
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  }
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 "audit_trail": {
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   "h": 0.0,
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  "corpus_provenance": {
   "mūla": "Belvalkar critical edition (BORI 1947), via Ambuda multi-witness",
   "panel_witnesses": [
    "bg-mula",
    "bg-shankara",
    "bg-ramanuja",
    "bg-madhva",
    "bg-vedantadeshika",
    "bg-vallabha",
    "bg-jayatirtha",
    "bg-anandgiri",
    "bg-sridhara",
    "bg-madhusudan"
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  },
  "extraction_date": "2026-04-21",
  "score_methodology_documented_at": "Paper 1, Section II.B",
  "word_by_word_parser": "ByT5-Sanskrit-multitask (Nehrdich/Hellwig/Keutzer EMNLP 2024)",
  "post_generation_repairs": [
   {
    "date": "2026-05-03",
    "fix": "verb-lemma-misidentification (broader heuristic: prefix-√root canonical for all verb-tagged tokens)",
    "scope": "word_by_word[].lemma",
    "loci": [
     "ucyate: vac -> √vac",
     "viṣṭhitam: viṣṭhā -> vi-√ṣṭhā"
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   },
   {
    "kind": "qmark_artifact_repair",
    "applied_at": "2026-05-08T01:56:14.890641Z",
    "applied_by": "summon-web/scripts/repair_qmark_artifacts.py",
    "n_senses_repaired": 3,
    "substitution": "? -> ,",
    "root_cause": "ITRANS '\\,' (literal-comma escape) in sd_bgshankarabhashya.itx corrupted to '?' during upstream HTML pipeline at gitasupersite; propagated through h_c_panel/commentaries/bg_*.jsonl into substrate.",
    "verification_source": "sonos-paper/samvad_db/sources/sd_bgshankarabhashya.itx"
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    "kind": "ch13_commentary_realignment",
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    "applied_by": "sutrakrit-gita/scripts/merge_ch13_realigned.py",
    "root_cause": "Chapter 13 commentaries count 35 verses (13.1 = Arjuna's question) but the edition counts 34; payloads paired mūla 13.N with each commentary's 13.N, i.e. the previous verse's bhāṣya for most schools.",
    "source_verses": {
     "advaita": "13.18",
     "viśiṣṭādvaita": "13.17",
     "dvaita": "13.18",
     "śuddhādvaita": "13.18",
     "bhakti": "13.18",
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    "applied_by": "sutrakrit-gita/scripts/merge_ch13_dvaita_jayatirtha.py",
    "change": "note records that Jayatirtha is also silent"
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  ]
 },
 "so_what_questions": [
  "What makes it possible for me to see anything at all, including my screens, my reports and my own thoughts?",
  "If what I'm trying to understand is the same as the understanding, what does studying even mean?",
  "When learning something feels too hard, what keeps a person going?",
  "Is wisdom a set of habits like humility and patience, or a sudden insight?",
  "Where exactly is the 'heart' this is supposed to sit in?",
  "Can a light be in the middle of darkness without being affected by it?"
 ],
 "everyday_applications": {
  "advaita": "Śaṅkara adds a line for the discouraged: the means, the goal and the result are already in your own mind. A graduate student convinced she will never understand her field is being told the understanding is not stored somewhere else. That is meant to keep her at the desk, not to let her off the work.",
  "viśiṣṭādvaita": "Rāmānuja demotes the lamp: instruments only remove obstacles, while the knowing is the self's own light. A radiologist's scanner clears the fog, but the seeing is hers. Invest in better instruments, but do not mistake them for the one who knows.",
  "dvaita": "Madhva's bhāṣya is silent on this verse, so no Dvaita-specific application can be drawn from the supplied commentary; inventing one would put words in his mouth.",
  "śuddhādvaita": "Vallabha points to an inner controller living in every heart, the root light of all conscious beings. A manager facing a stubborn employee can remember that the same inner light is steering that person too, and speak to it rather than to the stubbornness.",
  "bhakti": "Śrīdhara places a controller in every heart that never falls from its nature. On the worst night in an emergency room, something in the doctor stays steady and gives direction. Learn to listen for that steady voice; it is closer than any protocol.",
  "advaita-bhakti": "Madhusūdana's mirror image: the sun is the same everywhere, but it shows only where the glass is clean. Two people in the same meeting with the same facts see differently because one mind is clouded by fear. Clean the glass with humility and patience instead of chasing a new sun."
 },
 "primary_meaning": "That light of lights, declared beyond darkness, is itself knowledge, the knowable, and what knowledge reaches, seated in the heart of every being."
}